出版人文社科On the Origin of Species（物种起源）
On the Origin of Species（物种起源）

On the Origin of Species（物种起源）

6th Edition（第六版）

作者Charles Darwin

类别 出版 / 非虚构

出版社豆瓣阅读 / 1872-01

提供方公版书

字数约 202,000 字

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作品简介

This landmark work of scientific and philosophical thought sets forth Charles Darwin's pioneering theory of evolution and the interdependence of species. On the Origin of Species had an immediate and profound impact on the literature and ideas of his contemporaries. Without setting out to be controversial, Darwin became quite possibly the most revolutionary writer of the Victorian age, overturning the widely held religious and scientific beliefs of his time.This is a public domain book converted by anonymous volunteers and you may find it for free on the web.This work is respectfully inscribed by the author.

《物种起源》（或物种源始，全称《论处在生存竞争中的物种之起源(源于自然选择或者对偏好种族的保存）》，是达尔文论述生物演化的重要著作，出版于1859年。该书是19世纪最具争议的著作之一，其中的观点大多数为当今的科学界普遍接受。在该书中，达尔文首次提出进化论的观点。他使用自己在1830年代环球科学考察中积累的资料，试图证明物种的演化是通过自然选择（天择）和人择的方式实现的。

达尔文(Charles Robert Darwin，1809－1882)英国博物学家，进化论的奠基人。1809年2月12日，出生于英国医生家庭。1825年至1828年在爱丁大学学医，后进入剑桥大学学习神学。1831年从剑桥大学毕业后，以博物学家的身份乘海军勘探船“贝格尔号(Beagle)”作历时5年(1831－1836)的环球旅行，观察和搜集了动物、植物和地质等方面的大量材料，经过归纳整理和综合分析，形成了生物进行的概念。1859年出版《物种起源(On the Origin of Species)》一书，全面提出以自然选择(Theoty of Natural Selection)为基础的进化学说。该书出版震动当时的学术界，成为生物学史上的一个转折点。自然选择的进化学说对各种唯心的神造论、目的论和物种不变论提出根本性的挑战。使当时生物学各领域已经形成的概念和观念发生根本性的改变。随后达尔文又发表了《动物和植物在家养下的变异(The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication ，1868)》、《人类由来及性的选择(The Descent of Man ，1871)》和《人类和动物的表情(The Expression of the Emotions in Animals and Man，1872)》等书，对人工选择作了系统的叙述，并提出性选择及人类起源的理论，进一步充实了进化学说的内容。

作品目录

  1. An Historical Sketch Of The Progress OfOpinion On The Origin Of Species, Previously To The Publication OfThe First Edition Of This Work
  2. Introduction
  3. Chapter1Variation Under Domestication
  4. 1. Causes of Variability
  5. 2. Effects Of Habit And Of The Use OrDisuse Of Parts; Correlated Variation; Inheritance
  6. 3. Character Of Domestic Varieties;Difficulty Of Distinguishing Between Varieties And Species; OriginOf Domestic Varieties From One Or More Species
  7. 4. Breeds Of The Domestic Pigeon, TheirDifferences And Origin
  8. 5. Principles Of Selection AncientlyFollowed, And Their Effects
  9. 6. Unconscious Selection
  10. 7. Circumstances Favourable To Man'sPower Of Selection
  11. Chapter2Variation Under Nature
  12. 1.
  13. 2. Individual Differences
  14. 3. Doubtful Species
  15. 4. Wide-Ranging, Much Diffused, AndCommon Species Vary Most
  16. 5. Species Of The Larger Genera In EachCountry Vary More Frequently Than The Species Of The SmallerGenera
  17. 6. Many Of The Species Included WithinThe Larger Genera Resemble Varieties In Being Very Closely, ButUnequally, Related To Each Other, And In Having RestrictedRanges
  18. 7. Summary
  19. Chapter3Struggle For Existence
  20. 1.
  21. 2. The Term, Struggle For Existence, UsedIn A Large Sense
  22. 3. Geometrical Ratio Of Increase
  23. 4. Nature Of The Checks To Increase
  24. 5. Complex Relations Of All Animals AndPlants To Each Other In The Struggle For Existence
  25. 6. Struggle For Life Most Severe BetweenIndividuals And Varieties Of The Same Species
  26. Chapter4Natural Selection; Or The Survival Of The Fittest
  27. 1.
  28. 2. Sexual Selection
  29. 3. Illustrations Of The Action Of NaturalSelection, Or The Survival Of The Fittest
  30. 4. On The Intercrossing OfIndividuals
  31. 5. Circumstances Favourable For TheProduction Of New Forms Through Natural Selection
  32. 6. Extinction Caused By NaturalSelection
  33. 7. Divergence Of Character
  34. 8. The Probable Effects Of The Action OfNatural Selection Through Divergence Of Character And Extinction,On The Descendants Of A Common Ancestor
  35. 9. On The Degree To Which OrganisationTends To Advance
  36. 10. Convergence Of Character
  37. 11. Summary Of Chapter
  38. Chapter5Laws Of Variation
  39. 1.
  40. 2. Effects Of The Increased Use AndDisuse Of Parts, As Controlled By Natural Selection
  41. 3. Acclimatisation
  42. 4. Correlated Variation
  43. 5. Compensation And Economy OfGrowth
  44. 6. Multiple, Rudimentary, AndLowly-Organised Structures Are Variable
  45. 7. A Part Developed In Any Species In AnExtraordinary Degree Or Manner, In Comparison With The Same Part InAllied Species, Tends To Be Highly Variable
  46. 8. Specific Characters More Variable ThanGeneric Characters
  47. 9. Secondary Sexual CharactersVariable
  48. 10. Distinct Species Present AnalogousVariations, So That A Variety Of One Species Often Assumes ACharacter Proper To An Allied Species, Or Reverts To Some Of TheCharacters Of An Early Progenitor
  49. 11. Summary
  50. Chapter6Difficulties Of The Theory
  51. 1.
  52. 2. On The Absence Or Rarity OfTransitional Varieties
  53. 3. On The Origin And Transition OfOrganic Beings With Peculiar Habits And Structure
  54. 4. Organs Of Extreme Perfection AndComplication
  55. 5. Modes Of Transition
  56. 6. Special Difficulties Of The Theory OfNatural Selection
  57. 7. Organs Of Little Apparent Importance,As Affected By Natural Selection
  58. 8. Utilitarian Doctrine, How Far True:Beauty, How Acquired
  59. 9. Summary: The Law Of Unity Of Type AndOf The Conditions Of Existence Embraced By The Theory Of NaturalSelection
  60. Chapter7Miscellaneous Objections To The Theory Of Natural Selection
  61. Chapter8Instinct
  62. 1.
  63. 2. Inherited Changes Of Habit Or InstinctIn Domesticated Animals
  64. 3. Special Instincts
  65. 4. Instincts Of The Cuckoo
  66. 5. Slave-Making Instinct
  67. 6. Cell-Making Instinct Of TheHive-Bee
  68. 7. Objections To The Theory Of NaturalSelection As Applied To Instincts: Neuter And Sterile Insects
  69. 8. Summary
  70. Chapter9Hybridism
  71. 1.
  72. 2. Degrees Of Sterility
  73. 3. Laws Governing The Sterility Of FirstCrosses And Of Hybrids
  74. 4. Origin And Causes Of The Sterility OfFirst Crosses And Of Hybrids
  75. 5. Reciprocal Dimorphism AndTrimorphism
  76. 6. Fertility Of Varieties When Crossed,And Of Their Mongrel Offspring, Not Universal
  77. 7. Hybrids And Mongrels Compared,Independently Of Their Fertility
  78. 8. Summary Of Chapter
  79. Chapter10On The Imperfection Of The Geological Record
  80. 1.
  81. 2. On The Lapse Of Time, As Inferred FromThe Rate Of Deposition And Extent Of Denudation
  82. 3. On The Poorness Of PalaeontologicalCollections
  83. 4. On The Absence Of NumerousIntermediate Varieties In Any Single Formation
  84. 5. On The Sudden Appearance Of WholeGroups Of Allied Species
  85. 6. On The Sudden Appearance Of Groups OfAllied Species In The Lowest Known Fossiliferous Strata
  86. Chapter11On The Geological Succession Of Organic Beings
  87. 1.
  88. 2. On Extinction
  89. 3. On The Forms Of Life Changing AlmostSimultaneously Throughout The World
  90. 4. On The Affinities Of Extinct SpeciesTo Each Other, And To Living Forms
  91. 5. On The State Of Development Of AncientCompared With Living Forms
  92. 6. On The Succession Of The Same TypesWithin The Same Areas, During The Later Tertiary Periods
  93. 7. Summary Of The Preceding And PresentChapters
  94. Chapter12Geographical Distribution
  95. 1.
  96. 2. Single Centres Of SupposedCreation
  97. 3. Means Of Dispersal
  98. 4. Dispersal During The GlacialPeriod
  99. 5. Alternate Glacial Periods In The NorthAnd South
  100. Chapter13Geographical Distribution--continued
  101. 1. Fresh-Water Productions
  102. 2. On The Inhabitants Of OceanicIslands
  103. 3. Absence Of Batrachians And TerrestrialMammals On Oceanic Islands
  104. 4. On The Relations Of The Inhabitants OfIslands To Those Of The Nearest Mainland
  105. 5. Summary Of The Last And PresentChapters
  106. Chapter14Mutual Affinities Of Organic Beings: Morphology -- Embryology --Rudimentary Organs
  107. 1. Classification
  108. 2. Analogical Resemblances
  109. 3. On The Nature Of The AffinitiesConnecting Organic Beings
  110. 4. Morphology
  111. 5. Development And Embryology
  112. 6. Rudimentary, Atrophied, And AbortedOrgans
  113. 7. Summary
  114. Chapter15Recapitulation And Conclusion
  115. Glossary Of The Principal ScientificTerms Used In The Present Volume
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